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Rare earth lanthanide elements of the periodic table of lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), coupled with its congeners, scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y), of 17 kinds of elements in general. Elements atomic weight and the physical and chemical properties, divided into light, medium and heavy rare earth elements, the first five elements of the light rare earths, and the rest of the heavy rare earth. Rare Earth because of their unique physical and chemical properties, are widely used in the field of new energy, new materials, energy saving and environmental protection, aerospace, electronics and information, is an indispensable element in the modern industry.

Unstable supply of "rare earth, rare earth prices soaring ... rare earth crisis two years is not in line with the principles of economics, simply can not afford the outbreak of the rare earth crisis!" Japanese bond magnetic Association CEO Harada Hideki recently held an international Rare Earth Forum on appeal.

The production of rare earth raw materials, the export of rare earth, rare earth market, the rare earth industry ... the last two years, the rare earth-related economic market vagaries, the international community is highly concerned about the situation and policies of China's rare earth, and this has all kinds of stories. In June of this year, the State Council Information Office published a white paper "China's rare earth Conditions and Policies", to do a comprehensive analysis and commentary on China Rare Earth conditions, and pointed out that the future development of rare earth industry, environmental protection and science and technology is a sustainable support. So, the development of the world's rare earth industry? Where is the crux of the rare-earth battle? In the background of the global economy, the supply and demand relationship in turn going?

The era of "big brother" of the Chinese Rare Earth

Included in the government track from the 80s of last century, China's rare earth products, rare earth exports scale has been effectively controlled on the basis of industrial development, but also to some extent inhibited the behavior of the domestic mining of rare earth blindly. Rare earth ore export no longer exports of rare earth salts significantly reduce exports of rare earth materials is a substantial increase and become internationally competitive advantages of products have a place in the international competition in the market. A set of data can be summarized description of the situation of China's Rare Earth Development Decade: 2001, China's rare earth exports $ 378 million, compared with 1990 exports increased by 4.8 times; 2011 exports reached $ 4.49 billion, an increase of 10.8 times more than in 2001.

Since 2007, China's rare earth mineral production implementation of the mandatory plan, the yield has been effectively controlled, and significantly reduce the amount of planned production. In 2008, the healthy development of the global economy led to the excess demand of rare earth, but then came the global financial crisis has caused a huge impact on the global demand for rare earth. In 2010, the global rare earth demand recovery to 12 million tons, China produced 10.9 million tons, consumption was 7.1 million tons, 40% reduction in export quotas, and suspended exports of rare earth to Japan. In this case, the global supply shortfall of 5,000 tons of rare earth, rare earth prices rose sharply. In 2011, the EU economic paralysis weaken the growth momentum of the global economy, but the other countries of the world rare earth demand significantly exceeds supply, the first half of rare earth to maintain a very high price; affected by the high price and the impact of the development of the global economy continues to weaken, rare earth The annual demand is reduced to 10.5 million tons. In this year, China's rare earth production was 9.8 million tons, and the consumption of 70,000 tons, the export quota of 30,000 tons remained. In 2012, global rare earth demand rebounded slightly to 11.5 million tons, rare earth prices remain relatively low level, China's production is expected to remain nearly 12 million tons.

According to statistics, China's rare earth industry original rare earth enterprises 126, about 32 million tons of capacity, far greater than the total world demand, much-needed consolidation in the industry, improve industrial concentration. The data show that the rare earth industry in 2011 was 85.24 billion yuan of industrial output value, sales income of 94.31 billion yuan, higher than any previous year has greatly improved.

At present, China is still 23% of rare earth resources to bear more than 90% of the world market supply. Chinese production of rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, polishing materials account for more than 70% of world production. The end products of China's rare earth materials, devices, and energy-saving lamps, micro motor, nickel-metal hydride batteries to meet the needs of the world, especially the developed countries, the development of high-tech industry.

Quietly changing market chips

Mr. Dudley J Kingsnorth hearts from Western Australia Curtin Economic Research Center for Energy and Mining has been in possession of a doubt: whether China will announce the national forecast of future supply and demand of rare earth, so that the potential shortage of heavy rare earth status quo to become a suddenly uncertain global issues , rather than a constant game of riddles?

Today, both from the perspective of the buyer or the seller, and the supply of heavy rare earth will become the most important issue of the rare earth industry. The light rare earth elements of the other countries of the world will be self-sufficient. Mountain Pass project in the United States is at full speed, light rare earth prices will fall soon, there will be significant growth in the demand for the light rare earths. Global rare earth demand is also likely to maintain a moderate growth. Some experts predict that, from 2011 to 2016, the other countries of the world demand for rare earth increased from 35,000 tons to 55,000 tons, while China's rare earth demand growth from the current 70,000 tons to 105,000 tons; 2020 global The rare earth demand will reach 20 to 24 million tons.

According to the results of the census of 2009 the Ministry of Land and Resources of rare earth resources, China's total reserves of rare earth foundation has been reduced to 18.591 million tons, accounting for only 23% of the world, rather than the 36 million tons previously published in the U.S. Geological Survey. American Mountain Pass rare earth mine reserves investigations revealed that the reserves of the mine has reached 18.4 million tons, almost the equivalent of reserves. China's rare earth resources the advantage already very obvious.

It is understood that the Mountain Pass rare earth mine is the largest rare earth mines outside China have been found, about 96 million tons of rare earth oxides existing reserves, cut-off grade of 5%, calculated according to the annual output of 19,090 tons, mining over 30 years . The mid-1960s to the late 1980s, the Mountain Pass mine once the global rare earth supply source. 2002-2007, the mine lay-off five years, followed by mining to resume at the end of 2010, until today still not scale. Molybdenum mining company has ambitious, said the company is fully operational, is expected before the end of 2012, annual output rose to 19,090 tons, the production will double by the end of 2013.

In fact, in addition to the Mountain Pass, the world in more than 30 countries have industrialized mining of rare earth resources. TMR company's tracking survey shows that, except for China, there are 261 companies in 37 countries with a total of 429 rare earth projects, of which 13 countries such as the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Turkey, Malawi 38 rare earth project progress larger. These projects are mainly located in the Americas, Europe and Africa, is one of the most competitive U.S. molybdenum company and Australia's Lynas Lynas advanced materials plant in Malaysia. American molybdenum production capacity from 5000 to 6000 tons, will reach 19,050 tons by the end of 2012, will be increased to 40,000 tons by the end of 2013. Linus production will soon be reached 22,000 tons. If you do not consider the variety and quality of the products, since 2015, only two companies will be able to fully meet the market demand outside of China's rare earth. In addition, the Australian to create magic chemical plant in Malaysia; Japan, Vietnam, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and other countries have also established the relationship between the supply of rare earth resources. Multi-channel supply of rare earth products of the world's rare earth industry is taking shape.

The world's major rare earth new materials industry is basically transferred to China, China has become the main consumer market of rare earth. According to statistics, in 2011 the rare earth consumption was essentially flat in 2010, which also shows that the end products and components market demand for rare earth new materials remained unchanged. The consumer market outside of China's rare earth rare earth permanent magnets, catalysts, hydrogen storage alloy, light-emitting materials and polishing powder. In addition to catalyst abroad there have been alternative technologies and rare earth rare earth permanent magnet reduction technologies, and alternative process of polishing powder cerium oxide polishing powder use and polishing process is repeated. In addition, the price of rare earth curb some rare earth demand.

From the demands of the end products, LED lighting development and application of technology to suppress traditional lighting display technology, the demand for light-emitting materials; the field of new energy may be reduced due to the emergence of alternative technologies of NdFeB rare earth demand. Future growth point of the rare earth demand is likely to be concentrated in the field of wind power, which will lead to the metal neodymium and praseodymium, neodymium demand growth.

China Rare Earth Industry Association data show that, at this stage of the rare earth raw materials consumption, about 8 to 9 million tons, 1.5 to 2.3 million tons in Japan, to 1.5 million tons in the United States, Europe about 10,000 tons, the total market demand for rare earth the amount of about 12 to 14 tons. With the advancement of the project outside of China's rare earth, rare earth international market competition will be very intense.

The contradiction between supply and demand spawned rare earth alternatives

Liu Yi Nan, executive director of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, global rare earth demand, depends more on downstream products and applications of rare earth alternatives. Alternatives if widely used, depending on the cost of its use. If rare earth prices have been consistently higher than the price of substitutes, the rare earth will be replaced.

In fact, in February 2011, the prices of rare earth products rapid growth began to decline after peaking in July. Among them, a larger amount of praseodymium neodymium and heavy rare earth product price variations. In general, from 2010 to early 2011, prices of rare earth rare earth rational return value. But in May 2011 after a sharp rise of the rare-earth prices can not be ruled out capital factors speculation. Experts predict that the rare earths market during the year will not be drastic changes, the price of rare earth will focus on recent price reasonable fluctuations.

Hideki Harada said, in order to respond to the rare earth crisis, the Japanese government are jointly colleges and the rare earth industry to seek new rare earth resources and use neodymium magnets alternatives, reducing the amount of rare earth development of rare earth-free high-performance magnet. Today, they have developed other rare earth resources are mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, India and Kazakhstan. Japan's domestic auto industry switched reluctance motor without rare earth magnets also enter the final stages of research and development, high magnetic induction FeN magnet is currently being studied.

For the past two years, the rare earth crisis, he believes that "This is against the principles of economic". Harada Hideki declared that "China's rare earth industrial reserves accounted for approximately 37% of the world supply accounts for more than 97% of world demand, and is therefore the responsibility of the world's supply of rare earth." He disclosed that in order to obtain a stable supply of raw materials, Japan has some of the magnet. The production transferred to the South-East Asia and China.

The true force of "the rare earth Big Brother"

Marong Zhang, president of the China Rare Earth Industry Association, the moment, China's rare earth industry has entered a critical period of overall structural adjustment and industrial upgrading, the new changes in the face of the new situation at home and abroad, and how to effectively use resources to achieve cleaner production, strengthen environmental protection ecological restoration, regulate rare earth mining, production, marketing and export order will be the focus of industry management. In fact, in recent years, China has successively promulgated a series of policies to promote the healthy development of rare earth industry, the protection of resources and the environment, to achieve sustainable development in an important position, protective mining efforts imposed promote sustainable resource utilization.

In 1991, China decided to ionic rare earth minerals as a national minerals of which protective mining, mining, dressing and smelting, processing and marketing, and export and so on all aspects of the implementation of a unified management plan. In 2006, the control and management of the implementation of China's total rare earth mining; 2007, the rare earth production into the the mandatory production plan management. 2008, issued by the State the National Mineral resource planning (2008-2015) "and implement specific protective mining of rare earth and other minerals planning regulation to restrict mining, strict access and comprehensive utilization; 2009, of protective mining specific mine kinds of exploration and exploitation of the registration, the approval authority received; 2011, unified adjustment rare earth ores resources tax standards. Meanwhile, China has also established a system of strategic reserves of rare earth reserves and product reserves of rare earth resources and the delineation of the first batch of 11 rare earth national planning mine to complete the preparation of rare earth resources in key planning areas (mine) special planning; strict mining rights management, the implementation of the Mining the right to set the program system, in principle, continue to be suspended accepting new rare earth exploration, mining applications for registration, to prohibit existing pit mine to expand production capacity; strict control over the exploitation of the total production, reducing the intensity of resource development, delaying resource failure.

However, in Zhang Zhong, general manager of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare Earth Group seems reasonable policies to protect mining is not the most important issue for the development of rare earth industry. The current domestic rare earth industry is at a major turning point of how to seek a new round of development on the existing industrial base, is placed in the new issue of China's rare earth industry development.

At this stage, the domestic rare earth industry, regional economic basic formation, steady progress in the restructuring of the industry. May 4, 2011 the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region rare earth upstream enterprise integration of the phase-out of the program of work, "introduced than outside the company of Baotou Steel Rare Earth, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of rare earth mining and smelting separating enterprises are included in the integration phase out, involving 35 companies in the region. Baotou Steel Rare Earth integration of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the rare earth industry, Baosteel Group as the core northern Rare Earth Group has been established. In the rest of the country, integration of resources are carried out simultaneously. Sichuan, Jiangxi Copper Rare Earth integration of rare earth resources in Sichuan; rare earth mines in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Ganzhou, Jiangxi Mining Control; Guangdong Cheng Sheng colored with three of the province's four mining warrants become integrated rare earth industry in Guangdong's core; the Fujian Xiamen Tungsten integration Fujian rare earth resources, the establishment of Longyan rare earth industrial park; the China Aluminum integration of five rare earth enterprises in Jiangsu and Guangxi subgraph resources; already stationed in the South China Minmetals Rare Earth Industry.

In the eyes of some experts, the advantage of this group tactics "is always self-evident. However, Byron capital markets research team from the United Kingdom, Dr. Jon Hykawy for the development of China's rare earth industry, has another view. He believes that China's low labor costs and a state-of-the-art technology to increase the competitive advantage of the rare earth products in the world market, defeated in California started in the 1960s, the Mountain Pass mine the era of the past. China's rare earth enterprises are facing the problem of excess production capacity and technological obsolescence. Better opportunities for new companies just entering the rare earth industry, such as Australia, North Carolina, Rare Earth Mining Group of Canada and the United States Molybdenum Company. Them plenty of opportunities to the latest business philosophy and modern technology into the competition in the materials provided to the end-user.